Peer-Reviewed Scientific Studies on the Effects of Magnetics on Physical Ailments

There is a lot of useful Health Information on this page and it may take awhile to download. Be patient - it will be worth it!
The impact of treatment with magnetic fields on a variety of physical ailments are presented in the following descriptions of recent studies, published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

Alzheimer's Disease
On review, after applying external electromagnetic fields ranging 5 to 8 Hz, large improvements were detected in Alzheimer's patients. These included improved visual memory, drawing performance, spatial orientation, mood, short-term memory and social interactions.

R. Sandyk, "Alzheimer's Disease: Improvement of Visual Memory and Visuoconstructive Performance Treatment with Picotesla Range Magnetic Fields," International Journal of Neurosci, 76(3-4),
June 1994, p. 185-225.

As generally supported, a persons biological daily clock may causally be related to memory deterioration in Alzheimer's patients and in the ageing. Synchronizing of the circadian rhythms using magnetic fields, (this article suggests) could lead to improved memory for those effected.

R. Sandyk, et al., "Age-related Disruption of Circadian Rhythms: Possible Relationship to Memory Impairment and Implications for Therapy with Magnetic Fields," International Journal of Neurosci, 59(4), August 1991, p. 259-262.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease)
A study of three patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis were treated with a pulsed magnetic field administered by a Magnobiopulse apparatus. Given three times a week for approximately 75 sessions to achieve maximum benefits, all three experienced beneficial effects.

A. Bellosi & R. Berget, "Pulsed Magnetic Fields: A Glimmer of Hope for Patients Suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine,
8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

Ankle Sprain
Results of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study indicated that treatment with two 30-minute sessions of noninvasive pulsed radio frequency therapy is effective in significantly decreasing the time required for edema reduction in patients suffering from lateral ankle sprains.

A.A. Pilla & L. Kloth, "Effect of Pulsed Radio Frequency Therapy on Edema in Ankle Sprains: A Multisite Double-Blind Clinical Study," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine,
8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy, p. 300.

Arthritis
Three hours of exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field in this study revealed that experimentally induced inflammation and suppressed arthritis in rats was significantly inhibited as a result.

Y. Mizushima, et al., "Effects of Magnetic Field on Inflammation," Experientia, 31(12),
December 15, 1975, p.1411-1412.

Another double-blind, placebo-controlled research study on the effects of pulsed electrical fields administered over a 4 week period revealed significant improvement in patients receiving the therapy relative to the controls.

J.C. Reynolds, "The Use of Implantable Direct Current Stimulation in Bone Grafted Foot and Ankle Arthrodeses: A Retrospective Review," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine,
8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

In this general review article on the treatment of patients with psoriatic arthritis with magnetic fields, the authors state that an alternating low-frequency magnetic field (30-40 mT) from such generators as "Polius-1" and "Polius-101" improves the clinical state of afflicted joints. Such treatments are normally carried out for 30 minutes per day over a period of 15 to 20 days.

V.D. Grigor'eva, et al., "Therapeutic Use of Physical Factors in Complex Therapy of Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (6),
1995, p. 48-51

This research studied the effects of magnetolaser therapy alone or combined with conventional drugs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. This treatment utilized a AMLT-01 device for magnetolaser therapy and consisted of 14 days with 6 minute exposures daily. An obvious improvement was seen after 3 days of treatment, with greater improvement by patients suffering from mild to moderate levels of the disease. End results computed into a 90 percent patient improvement rate.

9B.Y. Drozdovski, et al., "Use of Magnetolaser Therapy with an AMLT-01 Apparatus in Complex Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis," Fiz Med, 4(1-2),
1994, p. 101-102

This study on 7 to 14 year old juveniles suffering from rheumatoid arthritis examined effects of low-frequency magnetic fields from a Polius-1 device. Ten daily treatment exposures of 10 to 12 minutes each was conducted on three experimental groups. The three groups showed 58, 76, 37 percent beneficial effects from the treatment.

E.A. Shlyapok, et al., "Use of Alternating Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields in Combination with Radon Baths for Treatment of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 4,
1992, p. 13-17.

Low-frequency and constant magnetic fields in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthrosis was the focus of this study. Patients with stages 1 & 2 rheumatoid arthritis as well as patients with osteoarthrosis deformans, showed the beneficial effects from treatments. These low-frequency, constant magnetic fields were found especially beneficial to the knees, ankles and wrists.

V.D. Grigor'eva, et al., "Therapeutic Application of Low-Frequency and Constant Magnetic Fields in Patients with Osteoarthritis Deformans and Rheumatoid Arthritis," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 4, 1980, p. 29-35.

Blepharitis (infection of the eyelid)
Study results indicated that using a magnetic ointment containing reduced iron powder, with an alternating magnetic field had beneficial effects with patients suffering from chronic blepharitis.

V.A. Machekhin, et al., "A New Method for Treating Chronic Blepharitis Using Magnetic Compounds and an Alternating Magnetic Field," Vestn Oftalmol, 109(4),
July-September 1993, p. 16-18.

Bone Fractures
A group of 83 adults with ununited fractures were examined for the effects of bone grafting and pulsed electromagnetic fields for this study. Results showed a successful healing rate of 87 percent in the original 38 patients treated with bone grafts and PEMF for ununited fractures with wide gaps, malalignment, and synovial pseudarthrosis. Of the 45 patients that were not successfully treated with PEMF and had bone-grafting, when re-treated with pulsing electromagnetic fields, achieved a 93 percent success rate.

C.A. Bassett, et al., "Treatment of Therapeutically Resistant Non-unions with Bone Grafts and Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields," Journal of Bone Joint Surg, 64(8),
October 1982, p. 1214-1220.

Examining the effects of pulsing electromagnetic fields on 125 patients suffering from ununited fractures of the tibial diaphysis, showed a healing success rate of 87%.

C.A. Bassett, et al., "Treatment of Ununited Tibial Diaphyseal Fractures with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields," Journal of Bone Joint Surg, 63(4),
April 1981, p. 511-523.

Results of this study showed treatment with pulsed electromagnetic fields resulted in an overall success rate of at least 75 percent in patients suffering from tibial lesions.

M.W. Meskens, et al., "Treatment of Delayed Union and Nonunion of the Tibia Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. A Retrospective Follow-up," Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst, 48(2),
Fall 1988, p. 170-175.

This review article makes the following observations with respect to the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields in treating ununited fractures, failed arthrodeses, and congenital pseudarthroses. The treatment has been shown to be more than 90 percent effective in adult patients. In cases where union does not occur with PEMFs alone after approximately four months, PEMF treatment coupled with fresh bone grafts ensures a maximum failure rate of only 1 to 1.5 percent. For those with delayed union three to four months following fracture, PEMFs appear to be more successful than in patients treated with other conservative methods. For more serious conditions, including infected nonunions, multiple surgical failures, long-standing atrophic lesions, failed knee arthrodeses after removal of infected prostheses, and congenital pseudarthroses, PEMF treatment has exhibited success in most patients.17

C.A. Bassett, "The Development and Application of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) for Ununited Fractures and Arthrodeses," Clin Plast Surg, 12(2),
April 1985, p. 259-277.

Results of this study found that 35 of 44 nonunited scaphoid fractures 6 months or older healed in a mean time of 4.3 months during pulsed electromagnetic field treatment using external coils and a thumb spica cast.

G.K. Frykman, et al., "Treatment of Nonunited Scaphoid Fractures Pulsed Electromagnetic Field and Cast," Journal of Hand Surg, 11(3),
May 1986, p. 344-349.

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields in femoral neck fracture patients undergoing conventional therapy. PEMF treatment was started within two weeks of fracture, and patients were instructed to make use of the electromagnetic device for 8 hours per day over a 90-day period. Results showed beneficial effects relative to controls after 18 months of follow-up.

E. Betti, et al., "Effect of Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Fractures of the Femoral Neck. A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Study,"; Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, 8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

Results of this double-blind study showed significant healing effects of low-frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields in patients treated with femoral intertrochanteric osteotomy for hip degenerative arthritis.

G. Borsalino, et al., "Electrical Stimulation of Human Femoral Intertrochanteric Osteotomies. Double-Blind Study," Clin Orthop, (237), December 1988, . 256-263.

In this study, 147 patients with fractures of the tibia, femur, and humerus who had failed to benefit from surgery received treatment with external skeletal fixation in situ and pulsed electromagnetic fields. Results indicated an overall success rate of 73 percent. Femur union was seen in 81 percent and tibia union in 75 percent.

M. Marcer, et al., "Results of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) in Ununited Fractures after External Skeletal Fixation," Clin Orthop, (190),
November 1984, . 260-265

This study examined the effects of extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields (1-1000 Hz, 4 gauss) on new bone fractures of female patients. Results led the authors to suggest that EMF treatment accelerates the early stages of fracture healing.

O. Wahlstrom, "Stimulation of Fracture Healing with Electromagnetic Fields of Extremely Low Frequency (EMF of ELF)," Clin Orthop, (186), June 1984, . 293-301.

This study examined the preventive effects of low-frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields against delayed union in rat fibular osteotomies and diaphyseal tibia fractures in humans. Results indicated such treatment modulated and accelerated fracture union in both groups.

A.W. Dunn & G.A. Rush, 3d, "Electrical Stimulation in Treatment of Delayed Union and Nonunion of Fractures and Osteotomies," Southern Medical Journal,
77(12),December 1984, . 1530-1534.

This article discusses the cases of two children with bone malunion following lengthening of congenitally shortened lower legs. Pulsed sinusoidal magnetic field treatment was beneficial for both patients.

F. Rajewski & W. Marciniak, "Use of Magnetotherapy for Treatment of Bone Malunion in Limb Lengthening. Preliminary Report," Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol, 57(1-3),
1992,. 247-249.

Results of this study showed that 13 of 15 cases of long-bone nonunion treated with pulsed electromagnetic fields in combination with Denham external fixator united within several months.

R.B. Simonis, et al., "The Treatment of Non-union Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Combined with a Denham External Fixator," Injury, 15(4),
January 1984, . 255-260.

Results of this study found electromagnetic field stimulation to be an effective treatment for nonunion among a group of 37 French

L. Sedel, et al., "Acceleration of Repair of Non-unions electromagnetic Fields," Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot,
67(1), 1981, . 11-23.

Results of this study found treatment induced pulsing to be beneficial in patients suffering from nonunions unresponsive to surgery.>

J.C. Mulier & F. Spaas, "Out-patient Treatment of Surgically Resistant Non-unions Induced Pulsing Current - Clinical Results," Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 97(4),
1980,.293-297.

In this interview with Dr. C. Andrew L. Bassett, a physician researching the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields for the past 30 years at Columbia University's Orthopedic Research Lab, Dr. Bassett notes that approximately 10,000 of the 12,000-plus orthopedic surgeons in the U.S. have used pulsed electromagnetic fields on at least one patient. Many such surgeons haveincorporated the therapy on a more regular basis. He estimates that a total of at least 65,000 patients nationwide have received the treatment, with a probable success rate of between 80 and 90 percent. Use of the treatment has been primarily in patients suffering from nonunited fractures, fusion failures, and pseudoarthrosis.

C.A. Bassett, "Conversations with C. Andrew L. Bassett, M.D. Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. A Noninvasive Therapeutic Modality for Fracture Nonunion (Interview)," Orthop. Review,
15(12)1986 781-795.

Results of this study showed pulsed electromagnetic fields to have beneficial healing effects in patients suffering from difficult to treat and surgically resistant bone nonunions.

35#

This review article notes that the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields began in 1974, and that 250,000 nonunion patients have received the treatment since. The author argues that success rates are comparable to those of bone grafting, and that PEMF treatment is more cost-effective and free of side effects. The FDA approved PEMF use in 1982, although it remains widely unused due to physician misunderstanding and lack of knowledge concerning the treatment.

A. Bassett, "Therapeutic Uses of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Orthopedics,& quot; in D.O. Carpenter & S. Ayrapetyan, (eds.), Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. Volume II: beneficial and Harmful Effects, San Diego: Academic Press, 1994, . 13-48.

This 7-year study examined data on more than 11,000 cases of nonunions treated with pulsed electromagnetic fields for up to 10 to 12 hours per day. Results indicated an overall success rate of 75 percent.

A.A. Goldberg, "Computer Analysis of Data on More than 11,000 Cases of Ununited Fracture Submitted for Treatment with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields," Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society, Second Annual Meeting,
20-22 September 1982, Oxford, UK, . 61.

This study examined the effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (1-1000 Hz) on middle-aged female patients suffering from fresh radius fractures. Results showed significant increases in scintimetric activity surrounding the fracture area after two weeks of EMF treatment relative to controls.

O. Wahlstrom, "Electromagnetic Fields Used in the Treatment of Fresh Fractures of the Radius," Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society, Second Annual Meeting,
20-22 September 1982, Oxford, UK, . 26.

This study examined the effects of constant magnetic fields in patients suffering from fractures. Results showed that magnetic exposure reduced pain and the onset of edema shortly after trauma. Where edema was already present, the treatment exhibited marked anti-inflammatory effects. The strongest beneficial effects occurred in patients suffering from fractures of the ankle joints.

G.B. Gromak & G.A. Lacis, "Evaluations of the Efficacy of Using a Constant Magnetic Field in Treatment of Patients with Traumas," in I. Detlav, (ed.), Electromagnetic Therapy of Injuries and Diseases of the Support-Motor Apparatus. International Collection of Papers, Riga, Latvia: Riga Medical Institute,
1987, . 88-95.<

Results of this study found that 10 hours per day of electromagnetic stimulation (1.0-1.5 mV) produced complete union in 23 of 26 patients receiving the treatment for nonjoined fractures.

A.F. Lynch &amp; P. MacAuley, "Treatment of Bone Non-Union Electromagnetic Therapy," Ir Journal of Med Sci, 154(4), 1985, . 153-155.

This review article looks at the history of pulsed electromagnetic fields as a means of bone repair. The author argues that success rates have been either superior or equivalent to those of surgery, with PEMF free of side effects and risk.

C.A.L. Bassett, "Historical Overview of PEM-Assisted Bone and Tissue Healing, " Bioelectromagnetics Society, 10th Annual Meeting,
19-24 June 1988, Stamford, CT, . 19.

Bronchitis;
Results of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study indicated that both low-frequency electromagnetic field treatment and treatment with pulsed electromagnetic fields proved effective in patients suffering from chronic bronchitis when coupled with standard drug therapies. Magnetic field treatment consisted of a total of 15 15-20-minute daily exposures.

V.M. Iurlov, et al., "The Efficacy of the Use of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Chronic Bronchitis," Voen Med Zh, 3,
1989, . 35-36.

Cancer
Results of this study found that prolonged exposure to a 7-tesla uniform static magnetic field for a period of 64 hours inhibited growth of three human tumor cell lines in vitro.

R.R. Raylman, et al., "Exposure to Strong Static Magnetic Field Slows the Growth of Human Cancer Cells in Vitro," Bioelectromagnetics, 17(5),
1996, . 358-363.

This study examined the effects of a rotational magnetic field on a group of 51 breast cancer patients. Results showed a significant positive response in 27 of them.

N.G. Bakhmutskii, et al., "The Assessment of the Efficacy of the Effect of a Rotational Magnetic Field on the Course of the Tumor Process in Patients with Generalized Breast Cancer," Sov Med, (7), 1991, . 25-27.

Results of this study indicated that exposure to a rotational magnetic field inhibited Walker's carcinoma tumor growth as much as 90 percent in some cases.

N.G. Bakhmutskii, et al., "The Growth Dynamics of Walker Carcinosarcoma During Exposure to a Magnetic Eddy Field," Vopr Onkol,
37(6), 1991, . 705-708.

Results of this study indicated that pulsed magnetic field stimulation increased the incorporation of antitumor agents into cells, and thus increased antitumor activity shifting the cell cycle to a proliferative from a nonproliferative phase.

Y. Omote, "An Experimental Attempt to Potentiate Therapeutic Effects of Combined Use of Pulsing Magnetic Fields and Antitumor Agents," Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi, 89(8), August 1988, .. 1155-1166.

Results of this study found that 20-30 sessions of magnetotherapy administered preoperatively exhibited antitumor effects in patients suffering from lung cancer.

L.S. Ogorodnikova, et al., "Morphological Criteria of Lung Cancer Regression Under the Effect of Magnetotherapy," Vopr Onkol, 26(1),
1980, . 28-34.

This study examined the effects of microwave resonance therapy (MRT) in patients suffering from various forms of cancer. Results showed that MRT treatment prior to surgery reduced the spread of cancer-associated conditions and reduced the risk associated with surgery in 87 percent of patients. MRT applied postoperatively had beneficial effects in 68 percent.

D.V. Miasoedov, et al., "Experience with the Use of Microwave Resonance Therapy as a Modifying Factor in Oncological Therapy," Abstracts of the First All-Union Symposium with International Participation, May 10-13, 1989, Kiev, Ukraine, .. 313-315.

Results of this study proved that the combination of weak pulsed electromagnetic fields with antioxidant supplementation is beneficial in the treatment of patients suffering from tongue cancer, improving speech, pain control, and tolerance to chemotherapy.

U. Randoll & R.M. Pangan, "The Role of Complex Biophysical-Chemical Therapies for Cancer,"
Bioelectrochem Bioenerg, 27(3), 1992, . 341-346.

Results of this controlled study indicated that treatment with a constant magnetic field significantly improved long-term (3-year) survival time in patients undergoing radiation therapy for cancer of the throat. Constant magnetic field therapy consisted of the application of 300 mT for 30 minutes to tumor and metastasizing regions immediately prior to each irradiation.

V.G. Andreev, et al., "Radiomodifying Effect of a Constant Magnetic Field in Radiation Therapy of Patients with Cancer of the Throat," Fizicheskaia Meditzina, 4(1-2), 1994,. 92.

Results of this Russian study indicated that the use of whole body eddy magnetic fields, coupled with more conventional cancer therapies (including magnetotherapy) is effective in the treatment of patients suffering from a variety of different malignancies.

V. Smirnova, "Anti-Tumorigenic Action of an Eddy Magnetic Field,"
Vrach, 2, 1994, . 25-26

This article reports on the case of a 48-year-old-woman with breast cancer who was treated successfully with magnetotherapy. Infiltration showed a marked decrease following 30 whole body exposures to an eddy magnetic field for 60 minutes. One metastatic node disappeared while the size of others was reduced following 60 such exposures. A total regression of tumor and metastases was seen following the completion of a course of 110 exposures.

N.G. Bakhmutskii, et al., "A Case of Successful Treatment of a Patient with Breast Cancer Using a Rotating Electromagnetic Field," Soviet Medicine, 8, 1991, . 86-87.

This study examined the effects of whole body magnetic fields (16.5-35 G, 50-165 Hz) on patients suffering from different forms of cancer. Treatment consisted of 15 cycles, each 1-20 minutes in duration, and was coupled with more traditional cancer therapies. Results showed that the magnetotherapy had overall beneficial effects, particularly with respect to improved immune status and postoperative recovery.

V.A. Lubennikov, et al., "First Experience in Using a Whole-Body Magnetic Field Exposure in Treating Cancer Patients,"
Vopr Onkol, 41(2), 1995, . 140-141.

Heart Disease
Results of this study found that the addition of magnetotherapy to the treatment of patients suffering from ischemic heart disease and osteochondrosis led to clinical improvements.

I. Rodin, et al., "Use of Low-Intensity Eddy Magnetic Field in the Treatment of Patients with Skin Lymphomas," Voen Med Zh, 317(12), 1996, . 32-34.

Results of this study involving 23 parasystolic children found that low-frequency magnetic field exposure improved humoral and cellular processes involved in the regulation of cardiac rhythm.

M.A. Dudchenko, et al., "The Effect of Combined Treatment with the Use of Magnetotherapy on the Systemic Hemodynamics of Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Spinal Osteochondrosis,"
Lik Sprava, (5), May 1992, . 40-43.

The authors of this study report on their development of a polymagnetic system called Avrora-MK-01 used to administer impulse magnetic fields to diseases of the leg vessels. Results indicated positive effects on peripheral capillaries in 75-82 percent of patients receiving the treatment at a pre-gangrene stage.

E.M. Vasil'eva, et al., "The Effect of a Low-frequency Magnetic Field on Erythrocyte Membrane Function and on the Prostanoid Level in the Blood Plasma of Children with Parasystolic Arrhythmia," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (2),
March-April 1994, . 18-20.

Results of this study showed exposure to low-frequency alternating magnetic fields had beneficial effects in children with primary arterial hypertension, as seen in the attenuation of sympathetic and vagotonic symptoms.

Y.B. Kirillov, et al., "Magnetotherapy in Obliterating Vascular Diseases of the Lower Extremities," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (3), May-June 1992, . 14-17.

This study demonstrated that traveling pulsed magnetic field and magnetic laser treatment produced beneficial effects in patients suffering from the initial stages of essential hypertension.

V.S. Zadionchenko, et al., "Prognostic Criteria of the Efficacy of Magnetic and Magnetic-laser Therapy in Patients with the Initial Stages of Hypertension," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (1),
January-February 1997, . 8-11.

In this article, the authors propose a new approach to treating atherosclerosis through the alteration of biophysical properties both intracellularly and extracellularly. Citing their own preliminary data, they suggest atherosclerotic lesions might be selectively resolved without harming normal blood vessels allowing the lesions to take up the magnetically excitable submicron particles and then applying an external alternating electromagnetic field.

R.T. Gordon & D. Gordon, "Selective Resolution of Plaques and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Biophysical Alteration of "Cellular" and "Intracellular" Properties," Medical Hypotheses, 7(2),
February 1981, . 217-229.

This study examined the effects of constant MKM2-1 magnets on essential hypertension patients. Results indicated the treatment decreased arterial pressure in stage II patients, with magnetotherapy being shown to produce beneficial effects on the central hemodynamics and microcirculation.

S.G. Ivanov, et al., "The Magnetotherapy of Hypertension Patients," Ter Arkh, 62(9),
1990, . 71-74.

Results from several recent studies conducted the author are reviewed. Conclusions are that pulsed electromagnetic fields exhibit protective effects against necrosis from acute ischemia in rats, cerebral infarcts in rabbits, and myocardium infarcts in rats.

R. Cadossi, "Protective Effect of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Acute Soft Tissue Ischaemic Injury," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine,
8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

This study examined the effects of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) in 93 patients suffering ischemic heart disease. EHF treatment consisted of 10 to 15 exposures of the lower end of the sternum from a 'Yav'-1-7,1 device. Treatment was performed five times weekly for a total of 30 minutes per day, with drug therapy being maintained during this period. Positive results tended to occur after 5 to 6 treatment sessions, with a good or satisfactory response being reported in 82 of 93 patients, and lasting as long as 11 months after hospital release.

I.E. Ganelina, et al., "Electromagnetic Radiation of Extremely High Frequencies in Complex Therapy for Severe Stenocardia," Millimetrovie Volni v Biologii I Meditcine, (4), 1994, . 17-21.

This review article concerning the clinical application of electromagnetic fields notes that microwave therapy has been shown to improve local circulation and vascular tone, increase the volume of functional capillaries, lower hypertension, stimulate protein and carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system, produce anti-inflammatory effects, and improve digestive organ function. Studies have shown decimeter wave therapy capable of stimulating the secretory function of the stomach, as well as blood circulation, respiratory function, and the immune system. Side effects have been reported in both human and animal studies.

V.V. Orzeshkovskii, et al., "Clinical Application of Electromagnetic Fields," in I.G. Akoevs & V.V. Tiazhelov, (eds.), Topics of Experimental and Applied Bioelectromagnetics. A Collection of Research Papers, Puschcino, USSR, USSR Academy of Sciences, Biological Sciences Research Center,
1983, . 139-147.

In this study, 30 myocardial infarction patients received millimeter-wave (MW) therapy in the form of 10 exposures of 30 minutes per day, with a 2-day interruption after the fifth exposure. Patients continued conventional drug treatment during the MW therapy period. Better results were seen in those patients exposed to the MW therapy relative to an equal number of patients receiving conventional treatment only.

N.N. Naumcheva, "Effect of Millimeter Waves on Ischemic Heart Disease Patients," Millimetrovie Volni v Biologii I Meditcine, (3), 1994, . 62-67.

This study examined the effects of millimeter wave therapy in approximately 450 patients suffering from a variety of diseases, including those of the musculoskeletal, digestive, pulmonary, and nervous systems. Treatment consisted of 25-30 minutes per day using the "Porog-1" apparatus and generally lasted for a period of up to 10 days. Results showed positive effects in over 87 percent of the patients.

A.P. Dovganiuk & A.A. Minenkov, "The Use of Physical Factors in Treating Chronic Arterial Insufficiency of the Lower Limbs," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (5),
1996, . 7-9.

Results of this study found that the use of magnetophore therapy (constant magnets applied to adrenal regions 10 hours per day for 15 days) significantly improved symptoms associated with hypertension in about 35 percent of patients studied, with mild improvement seen in 30 percent, and no improvement in 35 percent. Patients receiving decimeter-band waves (460 MHz, field intensity of 35-45 W, for 10-15 minutes per day for a total of 15 days) experienced similar results.

V.V. Orzheshovski, et al., "Efficacy of Decimeter-Band Waves and Magnetophore Therapy in Patients with Hypertension," Vrach Delo, (1), 1982, . 65-67.

Results of this placebo-controlled study demonstrated a 76-percent effectiveness rate for running impulse magnetic field therapy in a group of arterial hypertensive patients. Treatment consisted of two 25-minute exposures per day over a period of 10-20 total exposures, at frequencies of 10 or 100 Hz and magnetic field intensity of 3 or 10 mT.

L.L.Orlov, et al., " Indications for Using a New Magnetotherapeutic Method in Arterial Hypertension," Soviet Medicine, (8), 1991, . 23-24.

This study examined the efficacy of the reinfusion of autologous blood following magnetic field exposure in hypertensive patients. Positive effects were found in 92 percent of patients receiving the treatment.

I.G. Alizade, et al., "Magnetic Treatment of Autologous Blood in the Combined Therapy of Hypertensive Patients," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (1),
1994, . 32-33

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of magnetotherapy in patients suffering from first-or second-stage hypertension. A magnetic field of 50 Hz, 15-25 mT was applied to acupuncture points He-Gu and Shen'-Men for 15-20 seconds per day for a total of 9-10 days. Results: The treatment improved headaches in 88 percent of patients, dizziness in 89 percent, and irritability in 88 percent. In general, 95 percent of hypertensive patients experienced beneficial effects from the treatment, and the morbidity rate decreased twofold following one course extended over a period of 5-6 months.

E.V. Rolovlev, "Treatment of Essential Hypertension Patients an Alternating Magnetic Field Puncture," All-Union Symposium: Laser and Magnetic Therapy in Experimental and Clinical Studies,
June 16-18, 1993, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia, . 221-223.

This placebo-controlled study examined the effects of constant and of running magnetic fields in patients suffering from stage II hypertension. Results found that constant magnetic fields exhibited benefits in 68 percent of patients treated, and running magnetic fields were helpful in 78 percent. Only 30 percent of controls showed improvement. Constant magnetic field treatment consisted of constant magnets applied to the inner side of the wrist on each hand for 35-40 minutes daily over a period of 7-10 days. Running magnetic field treatment involved the use of a "Alimp-1" apparatus for 20 minutes per day for a total of 12-15 days.

S.G. Ivanov, et al., "Use of Magnetic Fields in the Treatment of Hypertensive Disease, " Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (3),
1993, . 67-69.

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that magnetotherapy was effective in the treatment of symptoms associated with stage II hypertension, such as headache, dizziness, and cardiodynia. The therapy consisted of permanent circular magnets (16 mT) applied to the inner forearm for 30-45 minutes per day over a period of 10 sessions.

S.G. Ivanov, "The Comparative Efficacy of Nondrug and Drug Methods of Treating Hypertension, " Ter Arkh, 65(1),
1993, . 44-49.

This controlled study examined the effects of magnetotherapy in patients suffering from neurocirculatory hypotension (low blood pressure) or hypertension (high blood pressure). Treatment consisted of a running pulsed magnetic field generated an "ALIMP" device (0.5 mT, 300 Hz) administered for 20 minutes per day over a course of 10 days. Patients suffering from hypotension did not benefit significantly from the magnetotherapy. Hypertension patients, however, showed a marked improvement with respect to symptoms including headache, chest pain, extremity numbness, abnormal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and work capacity.

L.L. Orlov, et al., "Effect of a Running Pulse Magnetic Field on Some Humoral Indices and Physical Capacity in Patients with Neurocirculatory Hypo- and Hypertension," Biofizika, 41(4),
1996, . 944-948.

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that low-frequency, low-intensity electrostatic fields (40-62 Hz) administered for 12-14 minutes per day helped normalize blood pressure in patients suffering from ertension.

T.A. Kniazeva, "The Efficacy of Low-Intensity Exposures in Hypertension," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 1,
1994, . 8-9.

This study examined the effects of low-frequency alternating magnetic fields in patients suffering from arteriosclerosis or osteoarthrosis deformans. Treatment involved 10-15 minute daily leg exposures over a total of 15 days. Results showed the treatment to be effective in 80 percent of arteriosclerosis patients and 70 percent of those with osteoarthrosis formans.

A.G. Kakulia, "The Use of Sonic Band Magnetic Fields in Various Diseases," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 3,
1982, . 18-21.

This study examined the effects of low-frequency magnetic fields (25 mT) in patients suffering atherosclerotic encephalopathy. Treatment involved 10-15 minute daily exposures over a total of 10-15 applications. Results showed clinical improvements with respect to chest pain, vertigo, headache, and other symptoms.

S.S. Gabrielian, et al., "Use of Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields in the Treatment of Patients with Atherosclerotic Encephalopathy," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 3,
1987, . 36-39.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency
This study examined the effects of alternating magnetic fields (15-20 minutes per day over a period of 20 days) in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins, and trophic shin ulcers. Results showed good effects in 236 of the 271 patients receiving the treatment. Thirty-four patients reported satisfactory effects. Only one patient experienced no effects.

E.I. Pasynkov, et al., "Therapeutic Use of Alternating Magnetic Field in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Diseases of the Veins of the Lower Limbs," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 5,
1976, . 16-19.

This review article notes that magnetotherapy in a variety of forms has been successfully used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and is a commonly used physical therapy for the condition.

A.P. Dovganiuk, "Balneologic and Physical Therapy of Chronic Venous Insufficiency of Extremities," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 2, 1995, . 48-49.

This study examined the effects of running impulse magnetic fields in patients suffering from vessel obliteration diseases of the legs. Treatment consisted of 15-20 whole body exposures (0.5-5 mT, 1-2 Hz) lasting 15-20 minutes each. Results showed treatment led to a significant reduction in the number of patients experiencing leg pain while at rest. Among patients previously unable to walk a 500-m distance, 52 percent were able to complete the distance following treatment. Circulation improved in 75-82 percent of patients.

Y.B. Kirillov, et al., "Magnetotherapy for Obliterative Disease of the Vessels of the Legs," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 3, 1992, .. 14-17.

Dental Problems
This placebo-controlled study examined the effects of micromagnets in the treatment of periodontal disease. Micromagnets were attached to the skin over areas of inflammation for a period ranging from 1 to 8 days, with the number of magnets used at once varying from 1 to 6. The course of treatment lasted as long as 4 weeks. Results indicated that patients receiving the micromagnet therapy experienced earlier and more trouble-free recoveries following oral surgery, as well as less pain relative to controls.

V.E. Kriokshina, et al., "Use of Micromagnets in Stomatology," Magnitologiia, (1), 1991, . 17-20.

This controlled study examined the effects of adjunctive Diapulse electromagnetic therapy on oral surgery recovery. Patients received the therapy once per day beginning between 3 to 5 days prior to oral surgery. Therapy was maintained until the point of hospital release. Results found the therapy produced significant healing relative to controls, who received conventional treatment only.

L.C. Rhodes, "The Adjunctive Utilization of Diapulse Therapy Pulsed High Peak Power Electromagnetic Energy) in Accelerating Tissue Healing in Oral Surgery," Q National Dental Association, 40(1),
1981, . 4-11

This study found that patients suffering from various oral diseases experienced more rapid healing when treated with both conventional therapies and 30 minutes per day of pulsed electromagnetic fields (5 mT, 30 Hz), as opposed to conventional therapies alone.

V. Hillier-Kolarov & N. Pekaric-Nadj, "PEMF Therapy as an Additional Therapy for Oral deseases,"European Bioelectromagnetics Association, 1st Congress,
23-25 January 1992, Brussels, Belgium.

Depression
This review article examined the literature concerning the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Results showed the high-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment to be an effective, side-effect free therapy for depression that may hold promise for treating related psychiatric disorders as well.

M.T. Kirkcaldie, et al., Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Therapy for Depression and Other Disorders," Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 31(2), April 1997, . 264-272.

Noting that there is good reason to believe the pineal gland is a magnetosensitive system and that application of magnetic fields in experimental animals has a similar effect to that of acute exposure to light with respect to melatonin secretion, the authors propose that magnetic treatment could be a beneficial new therapy for winter depression in humans.

R. Sandyk, et al., "Magnetic Felds and Seasonality of Affective Illness: Implications for Therapy," International Journal of Neurosci, 58(3-4),
June 1991, . 261-267.

This review article notes that transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to elicit antidepressant effects, electically stimulating deep regions of the brain.

C. Haag, et al., "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. A Diagnostic Means from Neurology as Therapy in Psychiatry?" Nervenarzt, 68(3), March 1997, . 274-278.

In this theoretical paper, the author argues that deep, low-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation can produce therapeutic effects equivalent to those of electroconvulsive therapy but without the dangerous side effects.

T. Zyss, "Will Electroconvulsive Therapy Induce Seizures: Magnetic Brain Stimulation as Hypothesis of a New Psychiatric Therapy," Psychiatr Pol, 26(6),
November-December 1992, . 531-541.

This study examined the effects of millimeter wave (MW) therapy as a supplemental treatment in patients suffering from various types of depression. MW therapy involved the use of a "Yav'-1" apparatus (5.6 mm wavelength, 53 GHz), and consisted of up to 60 minutes of exposure per day, 2 to 3 times per week, for a total of as many as 15 exposures. Results showed that combined MW/conventional treatment produced a complete recovery in over 50 percent of cases studied, a significant improvement in 41 percent, and some improvement in 8 percent. Recovery rates among controls (conventional treatment only) were 4, 48, and 41 percent, respectively.

G.V. Morozov, et al., "Treatment of Neurotic Depression with a Help of Extremely High Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation," Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 96(6),
1996, . 28-31.

Results of this study led researchers to conclude that patients suffering from major depression experienced a significant reduction of depressive symptoms following treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation coupled with standard medication relative to patients taking the medicine. This was true after just three TMS treatments.

Conca, et al., "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Novel Antidepressive Strategy?" Neuropsychobiology, 34(4),
1996, . 204-207.

Dermatitis
This study examined the effects of conventional treatments combined with millimeter wave (MW) therapy (54- to 70-GHz frequency, 8-15 daily exposures of 15-30 minutes each) on patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Results indicated that the MW therapy was well-tolerated all patients, with the rash generally regressing after 7-8 exposures. Marked recovery was seen among 78 percent of patients receiving the combination treatments. Two-year follow-up showed a 23-percent relapse rate among combination patients, compared to 54 percent among ontrols.

V.P. Adaskevich, "Effectiveness of the Use of Millimeter-Range Electromagnetic Radiation in Complex Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis Patients," Millimetrovie Volni v Biologii I Meditcine, (3), 1994, . 78-81

Diabetes
In this study, 320 diabetics received impulsed magnetic field treatment while 100 diabetics (controls) received conservative therapy alone. Results showed beneficial effects with respect to vascular complications in 74 percent of the patients receiving magnetotherapy combined with conservative methods, compared to a 28-percent effectiveness rate among controls.

I.B. Kirillovm, et al., "Magentotherapy in the Comprehensive Treatment of Vascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus," Klin Med, 74(5), 1996, . 39-41.

This study involving 72 diabetics with purulent wounds found that magnetic fields aided healing significantly.

R.A. Kuliev & R.F. Babaev, "A Magnetic Field in the Combined Treatment of Suppurative Wounds in Diabetes Mellitus," Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 148(1),
January 1992, . 33-36.

Diseases of the Larynx
Results of this study found that alternative magnetic field of sound frequency proved to be an effective treatment in patients suffering from acute inflammatory diseases of the larynx.

D.I. Tarasov, et al., "Effectiveness of Local Magnetic Field of the Acoustic Frequency in the Treatment of Patients with Acute Inflammatory Diseases of the Larynx," Vestn Otorinolaringol, (6),
November-December 1995, . 11-15.

Duchenne-Erb Disease
This study examined the effects of electromagnetic fields in the treatment of 5-year-old children suffering from Duchenne-Erb disease. Children were exposed to either UHF or DMW therapy for 8-12 minutes per day on alternating days over a period of approximately 10 days. Following the electromagnetic fields course, children received mud applications on the collar area and injured extremity. Results showed that treatment decreased contractures in shoulder and elbow joints, increased mobility and muscle strength, and improved general function of the arm.

A.D. Burigina, et al., "Electromagnetic Waves in Complex Therapy of Children with Birth Trauma: Effects of Ultra-High-Frequency Electric Fields on Central Hemodynamics and the Shoulder Plexus," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (4),
1992, 35-38.

Endometriosis
This study found that a combined treatment consisting of magnetic-infrared-laser therapy (10-15 min/day ever other day over a period of 10-14 exposures, then repeated in 2-3 months) and conventional drug therapy proved highly effective in women suffering from endometriosis.

M. Damirov, et al., "Magnetic-Infared-Laser Therapeutic Apparatus (MILTA) in Treatment of Patients with Endometriosis," Vrach, 12, 1994, . 17-19.

Endometritis
Results of this study found that the administration of constant magnetic field in combination with other treatment modalities led to significant beneficial effects in patients suffering from acute endometritis following abortion.

V.M. Strugatskii, et al., "A Permanent Magnetic Field in the Combined Treatment of Acute Endometritis After an Artificial Abortion," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (6), November-December 1996, . 21-24.

Epilepsy
This article reports on the cases of three patients with partial seizures who received treatment with external artificial magnetic fields of low intensity. Such treatment led to a significant attenuation of seizure frequency over a 10-14-month period.

P.A. Anninos, et al., "Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Partial Seizures," International Journal of Neurosci, 60(3-4),
October 1991, . 141-171.

Experimental results indicated that the administration of modulated electromagnetic fields of 2-30 Hz suppressed epilepsy in rats.

G.D. Antimonii & R.A. Salamov, "Action of a Modulated Electromagnetic Field on Experimentally Induced Epileptiform Brain Activity in Rats," Biull Eksp Biol Med, 89(2),
February 1980, .

This review article cites one study in particular in which results showed that pretreatment with 30 minutes of exposure to a 75-mT pole strength, DC-powered magnetic field significantly prevented experimentally induced seizures in mice.

M.J. McLean, et al., "Therapeutic Efficacy of a Static Magnetic Device in Three Animal Seizure Models: Summary of Experience," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, 8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of 2-hour exposure to weak magnetic fields (0.2-0.7 G, irregularly oscillating 0.026-0.067 Hz) produced 3 pairs of orthogonal Helmholtz coils on pain perception in healthy subjects. Results showed that magnetic treatment significantly reduced the perception of pain.

F. Sartucci, et al., "Human Exposure to Oscillating Magnetic Fields Produces Changes in Pain Perception and Pain-Related Somatosensory Evoked Potentials," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, 8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

This article reports on the case of a severe epileptic who experienced a significant lessening of behavior disturbances and seizure frequency following treatment with low-frequency, external artificial magnetic fields.

R. Sandyk & P.A. Anninos, "Magnetic Fields Alter the Circadian Periodicity of Seizures," International Journal of Neurosci, 63(3-4), April 1992, . 265-274.

Low-frequency, external artificial magnetic field treatment was shown to significantly reduce seizures in four adult epileptic cases.

R. Sandyk & P.A. Anninos, "Attenuation of Epilepsy with Application of External Magnetic Fields: A Case Report," International Journal of Neurosci, 66(1-2),
September 1992, . 75-85.

Gastroduodenitis
Results of this study indicated that treatment with decimeter-band electromagnetic fields improved motor function of the stomach and reduced dyspepsia and pain in children suffering from chronic gastroduodenitis. Treatment made use of the "Romashka" apparatus (a cylinder applicator, 100 mm in diameter, power of 6-8 W) applied to the gastroduodenal region, and consisted of 6-12 minute exposures every other day for a total of 8-12 exposures.

L.M. Petrukhina, et al., "Effect of a Decimeter Wave Electromagnetic Fields on the Motor Function of the Stomach in Children with Strong Gastroduodenitis," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (1),
1987, . 54-56.

This controlled study examined the effects of sinusoidally modulated currents (100 Hz) coupled with conventional therapy in children suffering from chronic gastroduodenitis. Children received 8-10 exposures lasting between 6 and 10 minutes. Results showed that the treatment reduced inflammation in 72 percent of patients relative to just a 45-percent rate among controls. About 77 percent of treatment patients experienced elimination of gastro-esophageal and duodeno-gastral refluxes, compared to 29 percent of controls.

O.V. Bukanovich, et al., "Sinusoidally-Modulated Currents in the Therapy of Chronic Gastroduodenitis in Children," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 2, 1996, . 22-26.

General
Results of this study indicated that the optimal frequency of pulsed magnetic fields ranges between 10.0 and 25.0 Hz in the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions of the locomotor apparatus, ischemia of the blood vessels of the lower extremities, dyspeptic syndrome, lactation mastitis, and other diseases. Treatment proved best when the therapeutic cycle was repeated after a 2-3 month period.

L. Navratil, et al., "Possible Therapeutic Applications of Pulsed Magnetic Fields," Cas Lek Cesk, 132(19),
October 11, 1993, . 590-594.

This article reviews the use of magnetotherapy in Czechoslovakia. Noting that this modality has been used for more than a decade, the author states that magnetotherapy has been shown to be effective in treating rheumatic diseases, sinusitis, enuresis, and ischemic disorders of the lower extremities. Positive findings have also been shown with respect to multiple sclerosis and degenerative diseases of the retina.

J. Jerabek, "Pulsed Magnetotherapy in Czechoslovakia--A Review," Rev Environ Health, 10(2), April-June 1994, . 127-134.

This review article notes that pulse-type electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are the most frequently used type of electromagnetic therapy. Another form is pulsed radio frequency; PRF therapy generally includes daily sessions of 30-minute exposure and is primarily used in cases of pain and edema, with results being apparent quickly when the therapy is effective. PEMF treatment is most successful when used in bone healing, with results occurring over a longer period of time.

A.A. Pilla, "State of the Art in Electromagnetic Therapeutics: Soft Tissue Applications," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, 8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

This study examined the effects of electromagnetic fields administered over a period of 10 days on 354 patients suffering from various orthopedic conditions. Results showed the effects to be positive, with the greatest benefit experienced among patients with acute lesions.

G. Annaratone, et al., "Magnetotherapy in Clinical and Ambulatory Practice," Minerva Med, 74(14-15), April 7, 1983, . 823-833.

Noting that beneficial effects of low-energy, time-varying magnetic fields have been shown since the early 1970s, this review article cites studies pointing to its success in the treatment of a wide range of conditions. The best results for this modality obtained in the area of bone healing.

C.A. Bassett, "Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Therapeutic Uses of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs), " Crit Rev Biomed Eng, 17(5), 1989, . 451-529.

This review article claims that over a quarter of a million patients worldwide with chronically ununited fractures have experienced beneficial results from treatment with pulsed electromagnetic fields. In addition, the author cites studies pointing to the treatment's efficacy with respect to other conditions such as nerve regeneration, wound healing, graft behavior, diabetes, heart attack, and stroke.

C.A. Bassett, "Beneficial Effects of Electromagnetic Fields," Journal of Cell Biochem, 51(4), April 1993, p. 387-393.

This review article notes that low-intensity millimeter waves have been used for treating a wide variety of medical conditions in the former Soviet Union since 1977, with more than a million patients treated and more than a thousand treatment centers in existence. This therapy has been approved for widespread use the Russian Ministry of Health, and over 300 scientific publications have described its effects. A typical course of treatment involves 10-15 daily exposures ranging from 15 to 60 minutes each.

A.G. Pakhomov, "Millimeter Wave Medicine in Russia: A Review of Literature," Infrared Lasers and Millimeter Waves Workshop: The Links Between Microwaves and Laser Optics,
January 21-22, 1997, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas.

This study concluded that the use of millimeter wave (MW) therapy was effective in the treatment of both children and adults suffering from a variety of orthopedic diseases, including osteochondrosis, arthrosis, infantile cerebral paralysis, Perthes' disease, and inborn femur dislocation. MW therapy made use of the G4-142 apparatus (55-65 GHz). Exposure was for 15-30 minutes in children or 30-60 minutes in adults over a period of 10-12 total exposures.

S.D. Schvchenko, et al., "Experience with Treating Some Orthopedic Diseases with Millimeter Range Radiation of Nonthermal Intensity," Millimeter Waves in Medicine and Biology. Digest of Papers of the 11th Russian Symposium with International Participation,
April 21-24, 1997, Zvenigorod, Moscow Region, Russia, p. 33-35. 139. A.M.

This research examined the effects of low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on patients suffering from a wide range of disorders, including musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, circulatory diseases, traumatic disorders, gastroenterological problems, and stress-related morbidity. Treatment made use of the Rhumart apparatus, which produced waveforms with peak amplitudes up to 30 G. Results, based on the patients' own subjective ratings, indicated the treatment to be beneficial across most conditions, with the strongest effects seen in those suffering from musculoskeletal and traumatic disorders.

Begue-Simon & R.A. Drolet, "Clinical Assessment of the Rhumart System based on the Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields with Low Frequency," International Journal of Rehabil Research, 16(4),
1993, p. 323-327.

This review article summarizes findings presented at the Third Workshop on the use of low-intensity millimeter waves in medicine, held in Zvenigorod, Moscow Region, Russia. Such findings pointed to the efficacy of MW therapy with respect to alcoholism and its associated symptoms, gastric and duodenal ulcers, psoriasis, chronic furunculosis, and cardiovascular diseases.

Y.L. Arzumanov, "An Overview of the Third Workshop 'Use of Millimeter Waves in Medicine,'" Millimetrovie Volni v Biologii i Meditcine, (3), 1994, p. 104-107.

This study examined the effects of magnetotherapy on patients suffering from a variety of eye and brain vascular disorders. Treatment made use of the "Polius-1" apparatus (50 Hz), with most patients receiving a course of 15-20 daily exposures. Results showed overall general improvements in 95 percent of patients with eye diseases.

N. Gilinskaya & L.V. Zobina, "Magnetic Field Application for the Treatment of Vascular Diseases of the Brain and Eyes," in Y.A. Kholodov & N.N. Lebedeva (eds.), Problems of Electromagnetic Neurobiology, Moscow, Nauka,
1988, p. 94-98.

This review article notes that low-frequency electromagnetic therapy has been used for a variety of purposes. Those specifically identified the author include cell growth promotion, pain reduction, improved blood circulation, bone repair, increased wound healing, sedative effects, enhanced sleep, and arthritic relief.

R.A. Drolet, "Rhumart Therapy: A Non-invasive Cell Regeneration Ion and Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Using LF-EM Fields," Bioelectromagnetics Society, 4th Annual Meeting,
28 June-2 July 1982, Los Angeles, CA, p. 45.

This review article notes that treatment with an "Infita" apparatus, used to deliver low-frequency magnetic fields, has been shown to improve general hemodynamics and microcirculation in addition to exhibiting anti-inflammatory, sedative, and analgesic effects in Olympic-level Russian athletes.

A. Zaslavskii, et al., "A Low-frequency Impulse Apparatus for Physical Therapy 'Infita'," Med Tehk, 5,
1994, p. 39-41.

This review article cites studies pointing to the efficacy of low-frequency magnetic fields in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions, including burns, arthritis, fractures, arterial aneurysms, PMS, phantom pain, tuberculosis, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, bronchial asthma, and ulcerated varicose veins, among others.

V.M. Bogoliubov & L.A. Skurikhina, "Therapeutic Application of Constant and Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (2),
1979, p. 65-72.

This study examined the effects of extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields (TAMMAT device) in the treatment of a group of 650 patients suffering from a host of various diseases. Treatment consisted 15-25 minute daily exposures 5 days per week over a total of 20-25 days. Most patients experienced improvements after 2-3 exposures. Marked improvements were seen with respect to analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and immune-enhancing effects.

V.I. Kovalchuk, et al., "Use of Extremely-Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields in Clinical Practice," Fizicheskaia Meditzina, 4(1-2),
1994, p. 87

This article reports on the efficacy of a Russian electromagnetic stimulation apparatus termed "Cascade." The authors state that data from 508 patients suffering from various ailments who were treated with the device indicate it to be anywhere from 75 to 100 percent effective. Examples of conditions in which the device was used include stubborn fractures, post-traumatic contractures, crush syndrome, and Perthes' disease.

S.A. Schastnyi, et al., "A Contact-Free, Biologically Adequate Electromagnetic Stimulation of Repair Regeneration of Osseous, Cartilaginous, and Muscular Tissues in Children," Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk, (3), 1994, p. 38-42.

This review article on the use of pulsed magnetotherapy in Czechoslovakia points to its efficacy across a variety of conditions, including joint problems, enuresis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

J. Jerabek, "Pulsed Magnetotherapy in Czechoslovakia: A Review," First World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine,
14-19 June 1992, Lake Buena Vista, FL, p. 81.

Glaucoma
In this study, patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with compensated intraocular pressure were administered magnetotherapy using an ATOS device with 33-mT magnetic field induction. The procedure was administered to a patient in a sitting posture with a magnetic inductor held before the eye. Sessions lasted 10 minutes and each course included 10 sessions. Following 4-5 months of therapy, results showed improved vision acuity 0.16 diopters, on an average of 29 out of 30 eyes with vision acuity below 1.0.

Bisvas, et al., "Possibilities of Magnetotherapy in Stabilization of Visual Function in Patients with Glaucoma," Vestn Oftalmol, 112(1),
Jauary-March 1996, p. 6-8.

Hair Loss
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on hair loss in men suffering from male pattern baldness. PEMF exposures were administered to the head for 12 minutes and were given weekly or twice weekly over a period of 36 weeks. Results found the PEMF treatment both prevented hair loss and promoted regrowth without side effects.

W.S. Maddin, et al., "The Biological Effects of a Pulsed Electrostatic with Specific Reference to Hair: Electrotrichogenesis," International Journal of Dermatology, 29(6), 1990, p. 446-450.

Headache
Results of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated that the administration of a pulsed magnetic field for less than one hour to headache patients produced significant beneficial effects, as shown subjective patient reports, as well as EEG activity.

O. Grunner, et al., "Cerebral Use of a Pulsating Magnetic Field in Neuropsychiatry Patients with Long-term Headache," EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Verwandte Geb, 16(4),
December 1985, p. 227-230

This article reports on the case of an acute migraine patient who was successfully treated with external magnetic fields.

R. Sandyk, "The Influence of the Pineal Gland on Migraine and Cluster Headaches and Effects of Treatment with picoTesla Magnetic Fields," International Journal of Neurosci, 67(1-4),
November-December 1992, p. 145-171.

This article examined the effects of millimeter wave therapy in the treatment of 107 patients suffering from headaches of varying causes. Treatment consisted of the Nao-Hu, Bai-Huei, and Hua-Chai acupuncture points being exposed to 5.6- and 4.9-mm wavelengths via the use of "Yav'-1-5.6" or "Electronka-KVCh" devices, respectively. Exposure lasted up to 60 minutes per day over a course of 10 days. All patients experienced positive results following 3-5 exposures. After one year, 48 percent of patients remained free of headaches, with a significant decrease in another 41 percent.

B.M. Popov & T.A. Al'shanskaya, "Use of Traditional and Non-traditional Methods in the Treatment of Headache," Millimeter Waves in Medicine and Biology. Digest of Papers of the 11th Russian Symposium with International Participation,
April 21-24, 1997, Zvenigorod, Moscow Region, Russia, p. 68-71.

This study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (20 minutes per day for 15 days) in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic headaches. Results indicated the treatment to be most effective in patients suffering from tension headaches, with 88 percent of such patients reporting positive results. Beneficial results were also experienced patients suffering from migraines (60 percent), cervical migraines (68 percent), and psychogenic headaches (60 percent).

A. Prusinski, et al., "Pulsating Electromagnetic Field in the Therapy of Headache," Hungarian Symposium on Magnetotherapy, 2nd Symposium,
May 16-17, 1987, Szekesfehervar, Hungary, p. 163-166.

In this study, 90 headache patients were treated with pulsating electromagnetic fields via large coils to the body for 20 minutes per day for a total of 15 days. Results found the treatment to be either excellent or good for those patients suffering from migraine, tension, and/or cervical headaches. Patients experiencing post-traumatic or cluster headaches did not experience such benefits.

A. Prusinksi, et al., "Pulsating Electromagnetic Field in the Therapy of Headache," Journal of Bioelectr., 7(1),
1988, p. 127-128.

Results of this study indicated that pulsating electromagnetic fields (12 Hz and 5 mT) were an effective prophylactic treatment for patients suffering from cervical and migraine headaches.

J. Giczi & A. Guseo, "Treatment of Headache Pulsating Electromagnetic Field a Preliminary Report," Hungarian Symposium on Magnetotherapy, 2nd Symposium,
May 16-17, 1987, Szekesfehervar, Hungary, p. 74-76.

This placebo-controlled, double-blind study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (2-5 Hz and flux densities of 3-4 mT) on patients suffering from migraine headaches. PEMFs were administered to the head for 10-15 minutes per day over a period of 30 days. Results showed a mean improvement level of 66 percent in patients receiving the treatment, compared to just 23 percent among controls.

L. Lazar & A. Farago, "Experiences of Patients Suffering from Migraine-Type Headache Treated with Magnetotherapy," Hungarian Symposium on Magnetotherapy, 2nd Symposium,
May 16-17, 1987, Szekesfehervar, Hungary, p. 137-140.

Hemophilia
In this study, hemophiliacs suffering from joint hemorrhage received millimeter wave (MW) therapy at biologically active points beginning on the first day of hospital release. Adults were treated with an "Electronica-KVCh" device (61 GHz, 5 mW maximum power) and children were treated with a "Porog" device, which generates low-intensity wide-band MMW noise. Exposures in both groups lasted for 20-25 minutes per day and were extended over a period of 10 days. Results indicated the treatment to be more effective than conventional therapy with respect to alleviation of pain, need for medication, and other parameters.

V.V. Aleschenko & I.O. Pisanko, "EHF-Therapy for Hemophylic Arthropathy and Hemarthroses of the Knee Joint,"Millimeter Waves in Medicine and Biology. Digest of Papers of the 10th Russian Symposium with International Participation,
April 24-26, Moscow, Russia, 1995, p. 61-63.

Hepatitis
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of millimeter wave therapy combined with conventional methods in the treatment of viral hepatitis in children. Making use of a "Yav'-1-5,6" or "Yav'-1-7,7" device, MW therapy involved 14-15 exposures of, on average, 30 minutes per day at wavelengths of either 5.6 or 7.1 mm. Results indicated the combined treatment to be more effective than conventional treatment only, leading to a more rapid restoration of liver function.

A.A. Shul'diakov, et al., "Electromagnetic Radiation of Millimeter Range in Treatment of Children with Acute Viral Hepatitis," Millimeter Waves in Medicine and Biology, 10th Russian Symposium with International Participation,
April 24-26, 1995, Moscow, Russia, p. 21-23.

Results of this study showed that the use of magnetic fields was effective in treating patients suffering from viral hepatitis who had previously not benefited from conventional drug therapies.

I.A. Il'inskii, et al., "Experience with the Use of Glucocorticosteroids and Magnetic Fields in the Intensive Therapy of Severe Forms of Viral Hepatitis," Soviet Medicine, 9,
1978, p. 72-74.

This study examined the effects of magnetotherapy in children suffering from various forms of viral hepatitis. Magnetotherapy consisted of alternating magnetic fields applied to the liver area daily over a total of 10-15 days. Results indicated magnetotherapy led to more rapid and trouble-free recovery.

V.V. Krasnov & A.I. Shilenok, "Magnetotherapy of Hepatitis A and B in Children," Pediatriia, 10,
1991, p. 54-57.

Herniated Disk
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of magnetotherapy in patients following herniated disk surgery. Results showed that 52 percent of patients receiving the treatment compared to 30 percent of controls reported being free of symptoms at the time of hospital release.

K. Perjes, et al., "Effect of Magnetotherapy on Recovery After Herniated Disk Surgery," Hungarian Symposium on Magnetotherapy, 2nd Symposium,
May 16-17, 1987, Szekesfehervar, Hungary, p. 159-162.

Hip Problems
This double-blind study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on loosened hip prostheses. Results showed an increase of bone density in all patients receiving PEMF treatment compared to only 60 percent of controls. The authors argue such findings suggest PEMF elicits early bone reconstruction, which enhances early weight bearing.

G. Gualtieri, et al., "The Effect Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Patients Treated of Hip Revesions with Trans-Femoral Approach," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine,
8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

This study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (50 Hz, 50 G) in treating aseptic loosening of total hip prostheses. PEMF therapy consisted of 20 minutes per day for 6 days per week over a total of 20 such sessions and was begun, on average, a year and a half following the start of loosening. Results showed PEMF to have some beneficial effects with respect to loosened hip arthroplasties, although it was not effective in patients suffering severe pain due to extreme loosening.

K. Konrad, "Therapy with Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Aseptic Loosening of Total Hip Protheses: A Prospective Study," Clinical Rheumatology, 15(4), 1996, p. 325-328.

Joint Disease
Results of this 11-year study involving 3014 patients found pulsed magnetic field treatment at low frequencies and intensities to be a highly effective, side-effect-free therapy for joint disease.

E. Riva Sanseverino, et al., "Therapeutic Effects of Pulsed Magnetic Fields on Joint Diseases," Panminerva Med, 34(4),
October-December 1992, p.187-196.

Kidney Problems
This review article notes that placebo-controlled studies have shown positive results concerning the use of pulsed magnetic field therapy in the treatment of secondary chronic pyelonephritis.

V.A. Kiyatkin, "Pulsed Magnetic Field in Therapy of Patients with Secondary Chronic Pyelonephritis," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine,
8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

Lung Disease
This study examined the effects of low-frequency magnetic fields coupled with conventional therapies in rats suffering from inflammatory lung disease. Results showed that rats receiving the magnetic fields experienced significant reductions in lung abscesses and associated symptoms, and similar beneficial effects were seen among a group of 165 human patients receiving comparable treatment.

L.V. Iashchenko, "Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields in the Combined Therapy of Inflammatory Lung Diseases," Probl Tuberk, 3, 1988, p. 53-56.

Lupus Erythematosus
This review article examined the data concerning impulsed magnetic fields in the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Studies indicate that the treatment can be beneficial due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, its positive action on microcirculation, and immunological reactivity.

I.V. Khamaganova, et al., "The Use of a Pulsed Magnetic Field in the Treatment of Lupus Erythematosus," Ter Arkh, 67(10),
1995, p. 84-87.

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of UHF and microwave therapy in treating patients suffering from systemic lupus. Twenty-six patients were given 30-35 W of microwave irradiation administered to the adrenal region. Twenty-five patients were given 30-35 W UHF administered bilaterally to the temporal region. The treatment regimen for both groups included 18-20 daily sessions. A group of 11 patients were used as controls. Results showed both treatments to be effective, with 27 percent of microwave patients and 66 percent of UHF patients reporting total elimination of polyarthralgia, myalgia, and painful contractures.

V.D. Sidorov & S.B. Pershin, "Immunomodulating Effect of Microwaves and Ultrahigh Frequency Electric Field in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus," Bioelectrochem Bioenerg, 30, 1993, p. 327-330.

Results of this study indicated that the bitemporal application of ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic fields to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal area daily over a period of 18-20 days had beneficial effects in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus.

V.D. Sidorov, et al., "The Immunomodulating Effect of Microwaves and of an Ultrahigh-Frequency Electrical Field in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (4), 1991, p. 36-40.

Multiple Sclerosis
This article reports on the case of a 55-year-old female chronic progressive multiple sclerosis patient who received a single external application of low magnetic fields (7.5-picotesla; 5-Hz frequency) which lasted 20 minutes. The treatment quickly led to improvements in a variety of areas, including fatigue, sleep, vision, bladder function, movement and speech problems, and mood.

R. Sandyk, "Rapid Normalization of Visual Evoked Potentials picoTesla Range Magnetic Fields in Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis," International Journal of Neurosci, 77(3-4), August 1994, p. 243-259.

This study reports on four cases of multiple sclerosis who experienced improvements in visuospatial and visuomotor functions following treatment with external application of low magnetic fields.

R. Sandyk, "Further Observations on the Effects of External picoTesla Range Magnetic Fields on Visual Memory and Visuospatial Functions in Multiple Sclerosis," International Journal of Neurosc, 77(3-4), August 1994, 203-27

This article reports on the case of a 50-year-old female chronic progressive multiple sclerosis patient who received a single external application of low magnetic fields who experienced significant improvements following the treatment.

R. Sandyk, "Successful Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Magnetic Fields," International Journal Neurosci, 66(3-4),
October 1992, p. 237-250.

This article reports on the cases of three patients suffering from long-time symptoms of multiple sclerosis who received treatment with extra cerebral pulsed electromagnetic fields over a period of between 6 and 18 months. Results showed all three patients experienced significant improvements in cognitive functions.

R. Sandyk, "Progressive Cognitive Improvement in Multiple Sclerosis from Treatment with Electromagnetic Fields," International Journal of Neurosci, 89(1-2),
January 1997, p. 39-51.

This is a report on the cases of two chronic multiple sclerosis patients exhibiting severe speech problems. Symptoms were completely resolved following 3-4 weeks of treatment with pulsed electromagnetic fields.

R. Sandyk, "Resolution of Dysarthria in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment with Weak Electromagnetic Fields," International Journal of Neurosci, 83(1-2),
November 1995, p. 81-92.

This article reports on the cases of three multiple sclerosis patients suffering from alexia (lack of understanding of written words) who experienced a reversal of the alexia following the start of pico tesla-range electromagnetic field treatment.

R. Sandyk, "Reversal of Alexia in Multiple Sclerosis Weak Electromagnetic Fields," International Journal of Neurosci, 83(1-2),
November 1995, p. 69-79.

This article reports on the case of a middle-aged disabled female patient with a 19-year history of chronic relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Within one day of receiving experimental treatment with picotesla electromagnetic fields, the patient exhibited improvements in her condition. The patient continued with 1-2 treatments per week over a period of 32 months. During this time, significant improvements were seen with respect to a range of physical symptoms, as well as cognitive functions.

R. Sandyk, "Long Term Beneficial Effects of Weak Electromagnetic Fields in Multiple Sclerosis," International Journal of Neurosci, 83(1-2), November 1995, p. 45-57.

The cases of three female multiple sclerosis patients exhibiting suicidal behavior are discussed in this article. Treatment with pulsed pico tesla-level electromagnetic fields resolved the suicidal behavior in all three patients, an improvement that was maintained over a follow-up period of 3.5 years.

R. Sandyk, "Suicidal Behavior is Attenuated in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treatment with Electromagnetic Fields," International Journal of Neurosci, 87(1-2), October 1996, p. 5-15.

This article reports on the case of a 36-year-old man severely disabled with partial paralysis and lack of coordination. Three treatment sessions per week with pulsed electromagnetic fields over a period of one year led to a range of improvements, including improvements in gait, balance, bowel and bladder functions, vision, mood, and sleep. No progression of symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis was seen throughout the course of EMF treatment.

R. Sandyk, "Treatment with Electromagnetic Field Alters the Clinical Course of Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis--A Case Report," International Journal of Neurosci, 88(1-2),
November 1996, p. 75-82.

This article reports on the cases of two multiple sclerosis patients suffering from chronic ataxia who performed poorly on human figure drawing tests administered to measure body image perception. Treatment with extracerebral applications of picotesla flux electromagnetic fields led to improvements in gait and balance as well as a normalization in body image perception as seen on a repeat of the same test each patient.

R. Sandyk, "Effect of Weak Electromagnetic Fields on Body Image Perception in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis, " International Journal of Neurosci, 86(1-2), July 1996, p. 79-85.

This article reports on the case of a 51-year-old female patient with remitting-progressive multiple sclerosis who experienced a successful reduction in carbohydrate craving believed to be associated with the exacerbation of her condition following treatment with a series of extra cranial AC pulsed applications of pico tesla flux intensity electromagnetic fields.

R. Sandyk, "Treatment with Weak Electromagnetic Fields Attenuates Carbohydrate Craving in a Patients with Multiple Sclerosis," Internationa